(时间)
数学
概率论与数理统计
概率的性质
- 有界性:对于任一事件 $A$ ,有 $0 \leq P(A) \leq 1$ ,且 $P(\varnothing) = 0, P(\Omega) = 1$
- 单调性:设 $A, B$ 是两个事件,若 $A \subset B$ ,则有:
$$ P(B - A) = P(B) - P(A), P(B) \geq P(A) $$
概率的公式
-
逆事件概率公式:对于任一事件 $A$ ,有 $P(\bar{A})= 1 - P(A)$
-
加法公式:对于任意两个事件 $A, B$,有
$$ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB) \ P(A \cup B) = P(A \bar{B} \cup AB \cup B\bar{A}) = P(A \bar{B}) + P(AB) + P(B\bar{A}) $$
-
减法公式:$P(A -B) = P(A) - P(AB) = P(A\bar{B})$
-
条件概率公式:设 $A, B$ 为任意两个事件,若 $P(A) > 0$ ,我们称在已知事件 $A$ 发生的条件下,事件 $B$ 发生的概率为条件概率,记为 $P(B | A)$ ,且 $P(B | A) = \frac{P(AB)}{P(A)}$
-
乘法公式:如果 $P(A) > 0$ ,则 $P(AB) = P(A)P(B|A)$ 一般地,对于 $n > 2$ ,如果 $P(A_1A_2\cdots A_{n-1}) > 0$ ,则
$$ P(A_1A_2 \cdots A_n) = P(A_1)P(A_2 | A_1)P(A_3 | A_1A_2) \cdots P(A_n | A_1A_2 \cdots A_{n-1}) $$
-
全概率公式:如果 $\bigcup\limits^n_{i = 1} = \Omega, A_iA_j = \varnothing(i \neq j; i, j = 1, 2, \cdots, n), P(A_i) > 0$ 则对任一事件 $B$ ,有 $B = \bigcup\limits^n_{i = 1}A_iB, P(B) = \sum\limits^n_{i = 1}P(A_i)P(B | A_i)$
-
贝叶斯公式(又称逆概率公式):如果 $\bigcup\limits^n_{i = 1}A_i = \Omega, A_iA_j = \varnothing(i \neq j;i, j = 1, 2, \cdots, n), P(A_i) > 0$ ,则对任一事件 $B$ ,只要 $P(B) > 0$ ,就有
$$ P(A_j|B) = \frac{P(A_j)P(B|A_j)}{\sum\limits^n_{i=1}P(A_i)P(B|A_i)}(j = 1, 2, \cdots, n) $$
英语
每日一句
Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
词汇
pull back: 使后退,向后拉 push ahead: 推进,促进 independence: n. 独立,自立, 自主 independent: adj. 独立的,自立的,自主的;单独的 independently: adv. 独立地,自立地,自主地 responsibility: n. 责任,职责;义务 responsible: adj. 负责的,可靠的;有责任的 responsibly: adv. 认真负责地,可靠地,可信赖地 environmental change: 环境变化 struggle with…… 与……斗争(或抗争)
第一步:找谓语
Rather than pulling students back, a gap year ==pushes== them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often ==struggle== with the most.
第二步:断句
原句存在两处谓语,包含两件事,其谓语分布在以下位置:
- pushes 为主句谓语
- struggle 为 that 引导的定语从句谓语
按照标点、引导词以及谓语,可以将原句断开为以下分句:
- Rather than pulling students back, a gap year ==pushes== them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things —— 主句
- that first-year students often ==struggle== with the most. —— 定语从句
第三步:简化
主句
Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things
- 介词短语:Rather than pulling students back, 为让步状语从句,修饰主句
- 主句主语部分:a gap year
- 主句谓语部分:pushes
- 主句宾语部分:them
- 副词:ahead 修饰动词:pushes 表示推动的方向
- 介词短语:by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes 为方式状语,修饰主句
- 同位语部分:all things 解释说明破折号前的并列名词: independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes
去掉主句扩展部分,就得到了主句核心:
- …… year pushes them …… —— ……年推动他们……
定语从句
that first-year students often struggle with the most.
- 从句引导词:that 引导定语从句,修饰代词:things,引导词在句中充当介词:with 的宾语
- 从句主语部分:first-year students
- 复合名词:first-year 修饰名词:students
- 名词:students 为从句主语核心词
- 从句谓语部分:often struggle with
- 副词:often 修饰动词:struggle
- 介词:with 与动词:struggle 构成常用搭配:struggle with ,表示“与……斗争”
- 最高级:the most 修饰从句,表示程度
去掉从句扩展部分,就得到了从句核心:
- that …… students …… struggle …… —— …… 学生 …… 与 …… 斗争