Spring Boot 3.2 与 Spring Cloud 微服务架构实操指南现代企业微服务系统从搭建到落地全流程详解

Spring Boot 3.2 + Spring Cloud 2023.0 实操指南：构建现代微服务架构

技术栈选择说明

本文将基于最新稳定版本构建完整微服务体系：

Spring Boot 3.2.5（最新稳定版）
Spring Cloud 2023.0.1（代号"Ilford"，与Boot 3.2.x兼容）
服务注册发现：Spring Cloud Netflix Eureka 4.1.0
服务调用：Spring Cloud OpenFeign 4.1.0
API网关：Spring Cloud Gateway 4.1.0
配置中心：Spring Cloud Config 4.1.0
服务熔断：Resilience4j 2.1.0（替代Hystrix）

选择理由：Spring Cloud 2023.0.x是目前最新的稳定版本系列，全面支持Spring Boot 3.2.x，移除了大量过时组件，采用Resilience4j作为官方推荐的熔断方案，更符合现代微服务架构需求。

实操步骤：构建基础微服务架构

1. 搭建Eureka服务注册中心

服务注册中心是微服务架构的核心基础设施，负责服务地址的管理。

步骤1：创建Maven项目，添加依赖

<parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>3.2.5</version>
</parent><dependencies><!-- Eureka Server --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId></dependency><!--  actuator用于监控 --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId></dependency>
</dependencies><dependencyManagement><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId><version>2023.0.1</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency></dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

步骤2：创建启动类，添加@EnableEurekaServer注解

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer // 启用Eureka服务注册中心功能
public class EurekaServerApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);}
}

步骤3：配置application.yml

server:port: 8761  # Eureka默认端口eureka:instance:hostname: localhostclient:register-with-eureka: false  # 自身不注册到注册中心fetch-registry: false        # 不需要从注册中心获取服务信息service-url:defaultZone: http://${eureka.instance.hostname}:${server.port}/eureka/server:enable-self-preservation: false  # 关闭自我保护模式（生产环境建议开启）eviction-interval-timer-in-ms: 30000  # 清理无效节点的间隔时间

启动验证：访问 http://localhost:8761 可看到Eureka控制台界面，此时还没有服务注册。

2. 构建服务提供者

我们创建一个简单的商品服务（product-service）作为服务提供者。

步骤1：添加依赖

<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId></dependency>
</dependencies>

步骤2：创建启动类

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient // 启用服务发现客户端功能
public class ProductServiceApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(ProductServiceApplication.class, args);}
}

步骤3：配置application.yml

server:port: 8081spring:application:name: product-service  # 服务名称，消费者将通过此名称调用eureka:client:service-url:defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/instance:prefer-ip-address: true  # 注册时使用IP地址instance-id: ${spring.cloud.client.ip-address}:${server.port}  # 显示IP和端口

步骤4：创建业务接口

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/products")
public class ProductController {// 模拟数据库存储private static final Map<Long, Product> productMap = new HashMap<>();static {productMap.put(1L, new Product(1L, "Spring Boot实战", 59.9));productMap.put(2L, new Product(2L, "Spring Cloud微服务", 69.9));}@GetMapping("/{id}")public Product getProduct(@PathVariable Long id) {// 模拟服务调用延迟try {Thread.sleep(500);} catch (InterruptedException e) {Thread.currentThread().interrupt();}Product product = productMap.get(id);if (product == null) {throw new RuntimeException("产品不存在");}return product;}@PostMappingpublic Product createProduct(@RequestBody Product product) {productMap.put(product.getId(), product);return product;}// 内部静态类public static class Product {private Long id;private String name;private Double price;// 构造函数、getter和setter省略public Product() {}public Product(Long id, String name, Double price) {this.id = id;this.name = name;this.price = price;}// getter和setterpublic Long getId() { return id; }public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }public String getName() { return name; }public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }public Double getPrice() { return price; }public void setPrice(Double price) { this.price = price; }}
}

启动验证：启动服务后，访问Eureka控制台（http://localhost:8761），可看到PRODUCT-SERVICE已注册。

3. 构建服务消费者（使用OpenFeign）

创建订单服务（order-service）作为服务消费者，通过OpenFeign调用商品服务。

步骤1：添加依赖

<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId></dependency><!-- 熔断依赖 --><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-circuitbreaker-resilience4j</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId></dependency>
</dependencies>

步骤2：创建启动类

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients // 启用Feign客户端
public class OrderServiceApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(OrderServiceApplication.class, args);}
}

步骤3：配置application.yml

server:port: 8082spring:application:name: order-serviceeureka:client:service-url:defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/instance:prefer-ip-address: trueinstance-id: ${spring.cloud.client.ip-address}:${server.port}# Resilience4j配置
resilience4j:circuitbreaker:instances:productService:sliding-window-size: 10failure-rate-threshold: 50wait-duration-in-open-state: 10000permitted-number-of-calls-in-half-open-state: 3retry:instances:productService:max-retry-attempts: 3wait-duration: 1000

步骤4：创建Feign客户端

import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;// 指定要调用的服务名称
@FeignClient(name = "product-service")
public interface ProductFeignClient {@GetMapping("/products/{id}")Product getProduct(@PathVariable("id") Long id);// 产品实体类，与服务提供者保持一致class Product {private Long id;private String name;private Double price;// getter和setter省略public Long getId() { return id; }public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }public String getName() { return name; }public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }public Double getPrice() { return price; }public void setPrice(Double price) { this.price = price; }}
}

步骤5：创建服务和控制器

import io.github.resilience4j.circuitbreaker.annotation.CircuitBreaker;
import io.github.resilience4j.retry.annotation.Retry;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/orders")
public class OrderController {@Autowiredprivate ProductFeignClient productFeignClient;// 使用熔断和重试机制@GetMapping("/{productId}")@CircuitBreaker(name = "productService", fallbackMethod = "getOrderFallback")@Retry(name = "productService")public Order getOrder(@PathVariable Long productId) {ProductFeignClient.Product product = productFeignClient.getProduct(productId);return new Order(System.currentTimeMillis(), productId, product.getName(), 1, product.getPrice());}// 熔断降级方法public Order getOrderFallback(Long productId, Exception e) {return new Order(System.currentTimeMillis(), productId, "降级商品", 1, 0.0);}// 订单实体类public static class Order {private Long id;private Long productId;private String productName;private Integer quantity;private Double price;// 构造函数、getter和setter省略public Order(Long id, Long productId, String productName, Integer quantity, Double price) {this.id = id;this.productId = productId;this.productName = productName;this.quantity = quantity;this.price = price;}// getter和setterpublic Long getId() { return id; }public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }public Long getProductId() { return productId; }public void setProductId(Long productId) { this.productId = productId; }public String getProductName() { return productName; }public void setProductName(String productName) { this.productName = productName; }public Integer getQuantity() { return quantity; }public void setQuantity(Integer quantity) { this.quantity = quantity; }public Double getPrice() { return price; }public void setPrice(Double price) { this.price = price; }}
}

验证服务调用：

启动order-service
访问 http://localhost:8082/orders/1
应返回包含产品信息的订单数据

4. 配置Spring Cloud Gateway

API网关作为微服务的入口，负责路由转发、负载均衡、认证授权等功能。

步骤1：创建网关项目，添加依赖

<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId></dependency>
</dependencies>

注意：Spring Cloud Gateway基于Netty和WebFlux，不能与spring-boot-starter-web（Servlet）同时使用，会导致冲突。

步骤2：创建启动类

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class GatewayApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(GatewayApplication.class, args);}
}

步骤3：配置application.yml

server:port: 8080  # 网关端口spring:application:name: api-gatewaycloud:gateway:discovery:locator:enabled: true  # 启用服务发现定位器lower-case-service-id: true  # 服务ID转为小写routes:- id: product-serviceuri: lb://product-service  # 负载均衡到product-servicepredicates:- Path=/api/products/**  # 匹配路径filters:- StripPrefix=1  # 去除路径前缀/api- name: RequestRateLimiterargs:redis-rate-limiter.replenishRate: 10  # 令牌桶填充速率redis-rate-limiter.burstCapacity: 20  # 令牌桶容量key-resolver: "#{@ipAddressKeyResolver}"  # 基于IP的限流- id: order-serviceuri: lb://order-servicepredicates:- Path=/api/orders/**filters:- StripPrefix=1eureka:client:service-url:defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/instance:prefer-ip-address: true

步骤4：配置限流策略

import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.ratelimit.KeyResolver;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;@Configuration
public class GatewayConfig {// 基于IP地址的限流@Beanpublic KeyResolver ipAddressKeyResolver() {return exchange -> Mono.just(exchange.getRequest().getRemoteAddress().getAddress().getHostAddress());}
}

验证网关功能：

启动网关服务
通过网关访问商品服务：http://localhost:8080/api/products/1
通过网关访问订单服务：http://localhost:8080/api/orders/1

关键技术点说明

版本兼容性： Spring Cloud 2023.0.x 与 Spring Boot 3.2.x 完全兼容，但不兼容旧版本Spring Boot。在实际项目中，务必遵循官方的版本兼容矩阵。
Resilience4j替代Hystrix：从Spring Cloud 2020.0版本开始，Hystrix已被移除，推荐使用Resilience4j。它是一个轻量级、易于使用的熔断库，提供熔断、限流、重试等功能。
Spring Cloud Gateway优势：相比Zuul网关，Gateway基于非阻塞响应式编程模型，性能更高，支持动态路由、集成Spring生态系统的各种功能，是目前推荐的网关解决方案。
服务发现机制：本文使用Eureka作为服务注册中心，在实际项目中也可选择Consul、Nacos等其他方案，配置方式类似，只需替换相应依赖和配置。